Journal archive
Industry market |
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The article touches upon the changes in the banking sector, which contribute to the increase
of competition in the market of banking services between credit and financial institutions and technology
companies. The classification of financial organizations depending on the parties involved
in transactions is given. For each selected type the specificity is described and examples are given.
The historical information of the payment Directive is presented. The most important components of
«Payment Services Directive2» (PSD2) are reflected. Categories of payment service providers are
specified, three variants of strategic development of banks are described. Goals of implementation
«Payment Services Directive2». To operate a list of the types of services identified in the «Payment
Services Directive2». Schematically represented the purchase of goods without Payment Initiation
Service Provider and the service provider to initiate payments. The position of the Bank of Russia
to the Directive is presented. Lists in which the Application programming interface (API) has been
actively used. The names of the basic documents regulating API in these countries are also given.
The main consequences of the implementation of the Directive, stimulating the increase of competition
in the banking sector, through changes in the national legislation of the member States for
the banks of the European Union are highlighted.
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The article describes the formalization of the internal university competitiveness management system
as a priority criterion for the classification of universities. Three levels of formalization of the
internal university competitiveness management system are distinguished and characterized from
the point of view of documents and workflow, competitive actions, and other elements of the internal
university competitiveness management system. The key to the implementation of the management
of the competitiveness of the university is the absence of a substantial gap between: the approved
documents; organizational and administrative actions for the implementation of documents, providing
planning and monitoring of educational activities; competitive actions for the development and
adoption of strategic, tactical and situational management decisions; strategic, tactical and situational
competitive actions for the implementation of management decisions.
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This article analyzes the structure of the banking sector formation. Russia. The analysis of how
and how a specific oligopoly structure influenced the formation of the modern structure of the banking
sector. The reasons for which the economy in the period of crisis requires the identification of
the share of markets that are in a state of silent collusion are shown. The features of the formation
of banking systems in China and Russia, the transition to the sectoral principle of customer service
by state banks. It is revealed that providing stability of the banking system of the country, the state
thereby provides conditions of domination of large state banks and transition to sector service of
economy. It is noted that with the tightening of regulatory requirements, there is a high risk of transition
of small participants of the banking market to the «shadow» sector.
At the beginning of 2018, the state’s share in the banking sector reached over 70%. The foundations
of the state process were laid eight years ago. Eight years ago, it was suggested that for the participants
of the banking market as well, the comparative advantages of rent-seeking behavior are growing,
and therefore during the crisis objectively increases the likelihood of adoption of new rules limiting
competition. This assumption has been confirmed now. A comparison is made with the organization
of the banking sector in China and it is noted that in an effort to ensure the socio-economic stability
of the society in Russia, primarily through the stability of the banking system of the country, the state
does not just provide conditions for the dominance of large banks and banking groups, but forms a
virtually single-tier banking system. The risks of domination of state banks are listed and disclosed. As
a result of the formation of a new structure of the banking sector of the country, competition between
state-owned banks is tightened, which will acquire peculiar features of the struggle for the client and
lead to nationalization in the form of horizontal integration of the business transition into the ownership
of the Bank. The introduction of blockchain technology in the issue of bonds while using electronic
money, which should be issued by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation will allow non-residents
to purchase bonds bypassing sanctions and thereby minimizing their impact on the economy.
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The theory of competition |
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The creation of a wide range of educational programs and activities for the formation of a competitive
culture in the company allows to provide, along with control and Supervisory measures implemented
within the framework of competition law, an effective competitive environment.
The article deals with the theoretical provisions characterizing the role of competitive culture in
the formation of the welfare of society, the author’s content analysis of 8 educational standards and
300 educational competencies. Only three competencies were identified, including the word «competition
» in their content, and, accordingly, reflecting and implementing the values of competitive
culture.
A similar analysis is presented in the audit of the provisions of professional standards, reflecting
the management and economic activity. The analysis of documents allowed to reveal the problem
field in the content of labor functions of heads of commercial organizations, expressed in the absence
of the request of professional market leaders to possess knowledge about the competitive
culture and competitive policy for the implementation of their functions. A brief description of the
main provisions of the professional standard «specialist in competition law», approved on 9 October
2018, is offered.
A special section is devoted to the consideration of activities to prevent Antimonopoly risks in the
implementation of antitrust compliance programs as a tool of competition advocacy and the formation
of a Pro-competitive culture in the society.
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In article topical issues of methodology, account and the analysis of statistical information in practice
of macroeconomic developments of development of the competition as one of components
correct implementation of programs for digitalization of economy are considered. Need of change
of the relation to problems and potential of the competition and the developed competitive environment
at all hierarchical levels of economy is proved. It is noted that there is a peculiar diversification
of functions, redistribution of the centers of responsibility for execution of tasks of development of
the competition and his statistical providing; complication of an object of management. It is noted,
lack of the coordinated estimates of scale and character of a state and tendencies of the competition
what is one of the reasons of limited opportunities of efficiency of basic market institute in
the Russian Federation. The main producers and consumers of information on a condition of the
competition in the country are revealed and systematized. Quantitative analytical assessment of a
share of natural monopolies in the Russian economy is made. Creation of the general is offered it is
information — the help system of statistical data.
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Entrepreneurship theory |
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The paper deals with the results of assessing the current specialization of small and medium-sized
enterprises in Russia by types and subspecies of economic activity. Information on the number of
employees employed in such enterprises was used to assess specialization. In addition, the specific
number of employees per enterprise for the eight most significant types of economic activity was
studied. The data of continuous monitoring of small and medium-sized businesses for 2015 conducted
by the Federal state statistics service is used as an information base. It is shown that legal
entities and individual entrepreneurs specialize not on all, but only on certain subspecies of activity.
The branch structure of activity of small and medium enterprises is defined. The current number
of employees employed in one enterprise is significantly differentiated depending on the specialization
of enterprises in different types of economic activity, as well as the territorial location of these
enterprises. The research resulted in new knowledge and tools to assess the current specialization
of SMEs in industries and regions. This information can be used in studies on the economy and business
management, as well as to substantiate programs for the development of the business sector
at the Federal, regional and municipal levels.
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Antitrust regulation |
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The current case of the FAS Russia regarding the largest mobile communication operators setting
different prices for telecommunication services in intranet roaming and in the home region poses the
question of whether it is correct to consider such services as «one and the same product» in the antitrust
definition of product markets. Antitrust methodology suggest that these services should then
be close substitutes from the point of view of the consumers, which appears not to be the case. On
the contrary, telecommunication services are characterized by a high degree of complementarity,
including transaction complementarity on the consumer’s side. In antitrust practice, in order to determine
market boundaries in such situations, the cluster market approach and the bundling approach
are used in addition to the narrow method of market definition. The article discusses in detail these
approaches, describes the criteria for their use and justifies the applicability of these approaches
to cellular communication services. It appears that using either the cluster market or the bundling
approach to defining market boundaries in the case of intranet roaming has substantial basis. Taking
specific components of a cellular tariff plan and treating them as a separate product market for
antitrust purposes increases the risk of type I and type II enforcement errors.
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The article concerns price discrimination, in particular, the way price discrimination practice is regulated
in Russia. The analysis is based on the economic theory of price discrimination and the law
enforcement practice of the corresponding legal norms in the US and Europe. The main goal of this
article is to reveal possible weaknesses in the legal framework of the price discrimination practice
in Russia. The analysis was motivated by a number of cases on price discrimination opened by the
Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia, and in particular, the case about the difference in the price
of mobile communication services within the «home region» and «in roaming». The results of the
analysis are the following. First, legal uncertainty in the area of price discrimination was identified.
Second, it was shown that the use of the per se approach to the practice of price discrimination
in Russia leads to the welfare loss. Third, it was also shown that the norms on price discrimination in
Russia might be insufficient to control negative effects of some types of price discrimination, in particular
in cases where price discrimination does not require a company to have dominant position
in the market.
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Possible consequences of removal of national and intranet roaming in Russia are actively discussed
nowadays. A major focus of this article is on the European Union where international roaming
was removed. The overview of the evolution of roaming in the European Union can be mainly
discussed in case of international roaming but at the same time can be extended to national and
intranet roaming regulation. European experience is one of the sources of identification of practical
issues, as well as options for their solution. This paper aims at providing insights in the effect
of roaming regulation in the European Union. We also discuss in detail main structural alternatives
of regulation and principles of their comparison, disclose used principles of institutional design.
European experience makes an opportunity to summarize the best practices of «smart regulation»:
consistent approach to reforms, the assessment of effects for mobile network operators and for
consumers, adjustment of measures based on the intermediate results. These practices are relevant
when changing the system of intranet roaming in Russia.
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National competitiveness |
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Competitive positions issues of the Yaroslavl region when forming mechanisms of sustainable
development are considered. Innovative activities analysis of the region is carried out. Core drivers
for innovative transformation process of social and economic development of the studied object are
put forward.
The economy of the Yaroslavl region has a competitive resource base (scientific and educational
potential, high-tech manufacturing industries, entrepreneurial potential, etc.), which defines the region
as a territory capable of adapting to sustainable development.
The favorable position of the Yaroslavl region among other regions of the Central Federal district in
terms of innovative development is characterized by the fact that the regional authorities determine
the innovative development of the region as a priority and aimed at long-term prospects within the
emerging process of sustainable development. The authorities of the Yaroslavl region in order to
enhance activities in the field of sustainable development are focused more on the solution of one of
the key tasks: the implementation of individual economic entities of innovative directions and forms
of business development.
The creation of network forms of business organization, which are regional innovation-oriented
clusters, is necessary for the Yaroslavl region in terms of its ability to provide the regions economy
with long-term competitiveness and sustainable development. Innovative active enterprises and infrastructure
are concentrated in the developed cities of the region, attracting investments, at the
same time, the municipal districts of the Yaroslavl region are experiencing a decline in all directions.
The way of innovative development of the region is characterized by the wide introduction of borrowed
technologies. In general, the region is forming a favorable environment for the modernization
of industrial production on a new basis, attracting investment, the formation of mechanisms of state
support for small innovative enterprises. In order to avoid the risk of stagnation of this process, it is
recommended, in addition to production, the development of marketing and organizational innovations.
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Nowadays a competent foreign trade policy has a great influence on achieving Russian economic
sovereignty, national competitiveness and resilience to external challenges and risks. This paper
considers Russian export strategy by analyzing state financial and non-financial support system of
domestic exporters and the foresight of Russian export policy. It discusses the problem of export
potential development. Namely, the article reveals new large stable areas of export specialization
and draws special attention to non-primary non-energy exports. It analyzes the role of non-primary
non-energy export sector in the overall structure of Russian exports of goods and services, identifies
the most important industry export clusters to ensure the diversification of the export sector in
the long term and proposes a step-by-step implementation method of new export directions. This
paper also formulates a forecast of Russian export development based on promising companies
activity. The authors conclude that an effective export strategy unites export state support system
and competitive export sector, based on the modernization of fuel and raw materials specialization
and the simultaneous development of non-energy non-energy exports.
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