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The article reveals the theoretical definitions of competition, as a philosophical, economic, social, psychological, and biological phenomena. The paper describes causes of manifestations of competition in today’s economy. The author formulates a definition of the competitive environment, the competitive environment and competitive features. The article explains the concept of competitive results and describes the conditions for achieving them. The author defines the competitive advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses of competitors. The article also discloses a process for assessing competitive advantages and disadvantages of market participants. This article is based on the materials of the first chapter of the new, forthcoming textbook «Competition».
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Behavior of economic agents in the market is largely due to the desire to maximize the result of income which arises from the interaction with other actors. Impulse maximization sometimes appears in the form of extensive expansion — to increase the physical boundaries of the firm, raising its influence in the market. However, this is not always justified. Control may arise in intensive penetration by creating dependencies between counterparties. It seems that the key to understanding these processes should serve as transaction costs. Their role falls creating sustainable relationships, and seems to be exactly in their ability to form a specific ratio to engage in a dominant position in a slightly different form than traditionally seen. Building on this hypothesis article focuses on the existence of the problem of identifying the boundaries of economic agents. The apparent ease of solution of the problem faces a number of significant challenges linkages between the concepts of determining the boundaries of the institutional theory. Taking place in the methodological rigor of the contra- dictions is the current approach, where the boundary is something that occurs under the influence of either internal or external shocks. In resolving the issue by the author proposed integration model based on the ratio of transaction costs. The paper summarized and systematized presentation on the nature of the formation boundaries of economic agents. We show the importance of the permeability properties of the boundaries on the micro- and macrolevels in redesigning performance businesses and determining the viscosity of the economic environment (friction).
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Тема, которую мы сегодня собираемся обсуждать, «Оценка состояния конкуренции и конкурентной среды, возможность ее измерения и сопоставимости данных», принципиально важна, так как определяет методологию проведения такого рода анализа и исследований, задает тон и дает возможность определить те результаты, о которых мы можем с достоверностью говорить при измерении состояния конкурентной среды. Само состояние конкурентной среды в Российской Федерации является, по нашему мнению, одним из важнейших вопросов для того, чтобы определить возможные темпы экономического роста и характер социально-экономического развития в стране в целом. Для того чтобы что-нибудь улучшать, нужно научиться сначала это измерять. И мне очень приятно, что мы это делаем совместно с Федеральной антимонопольной службой РФ, поскольку очевидно, что это наиболее заинтересованный орган государственной власти, который этой темой занимается. Но в то же время нам как Аналитическому центру при Правительстве РФ важно знать мнение экспертного сообщества: о чем по этому поводу возможно говорить. Потому что тема многократно обсуждается на уровне Правительства, и важно «сверять часы» и понимать, какое мнение у экспертного сообщества и что является пределом возможного, о чем мы можем говорить с той или иной достоверностью по этому вопросу.
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This article focuses on the development of antitrust policy in transition economies in the context of preventing explicit and tacit collusion. Experience of Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine in the creation of antitrust institutions was analyzed, including both legislation and enforcement practice, in particular, unique features in the use of «rule of reason» approach. Also were shown problems that still remain actual for transition economies in this area, including the problem of cooperation between competition authority and police system and the standard of proof problem in the case of collusion. These countries in the early 90th were in similar socio-economic conditions and were forced to create completely new institutions in the field of protection of competition. It is shown that existing quantitative ratings of competition can’t be regarded as certain final assessment of the effectiveness of antitrust policy. The article proposes a special approach to evaluation of preventing col- lusion mechanisms, based on the institutional analysis. This approach takes into account such enforcement problems as: classification problems (tacit vs explicit collusion, vertical vs horizontal agreements), flexibility of prohibitions («per se» vs «rule of reason»), design of sanctions, private enforcement challenge, leniency program mechanisms, the role of antitrust authorities, especially in criminal investigation issues etc.
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In this paper, based on data of 455 Russian firms, the author analyzes the differences in the perception of external and internal factors of internationalization among firms that have international operations and firms that operate only in Russian market. The results help to identify the factors that should be considered while elaborating internationalization strategy and government support programs.
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Nowadays researches of different international economic organizations, such as the OECD, WTO and UNCTAD, concentrate more on global value chains (GVCs) analysis. Production processes of majority of goods are not limited to the production in a single country. Furthermore, involvement in different stages of production depends on the level of technological and innovative development of the country as well as on the availability of resources. Current article is devoted to the interdependence between fundamental changes in value chain model of goods and services and governments’ foreign economic regulation system. Besides, authors analyze reasons for rising fragmentation of production in the world economy and forms of participation in global value chains, which are chosen by countries. The given article demonstrates theoretical framework for various forms of integration of countries into global value chains as well as assessment of prospects for national economies within GVCs based on case-study of such countries as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and China. Furthermore, the author presents retrospec- tive and comparative analysis of several countries’ economic development within global value chains.
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