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The study shows the role of the A. Smith’ study in the development of the competitive performance
mechanism of industrial organization. We found out and presented three key pushing elements of
the mechanism: competitiveness, competitive framework and final result of competition. In theoretical
part we proposed and described the difference of main definition around term of economic competition
(perfect market, competitive, competitiveness, cooperation, emulation, contest, contention,
rivalry). They have been combined in a set of nine key models of competitive performance, justified
by its degree of personalization, frequency of exchange operations and classified in terms of game
theory (cooperative, non-cooperative) and the main theoretical models of competition: ‘Possession’
and ’Ttitle’ (by MacCallum), ‘Discovery Procedure’ (by Hayek).
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Deficiencies of the neoclassical interpretation of the firm and dissatisfaction with economists neoclassical
approach to understanding the nature of the firm in the market environment led to the appearance
and development of the institutional firm concepts associated with such names as Coase,
Williamson, Simons, Craps, Alchian, Demsetz, Hart, Holmstrom, Jensen, Milgrom, Meckling, Baker,
Gibbons, Murphy and others.
The Ronald Coase article named «The nature of the firm» and published in 1937, is constantly
in the spotlight a growing number of economists who study the essence of the company in various
aspects. It became the basis for the emergence in the 80s transactional theory and the theory of
incomplete contracts, long enough to study identifies the key trends of the firm. That in turn led to
an increase in the number of theoretical approaches that can be considered as a complement or
replacement depending on which question they try to answer.
In this article, in view of the existence of a fairly extensive number of works that were under the
influence of the two main approaches to the theory of the firm, as well as the widespread discussion
it seems reasonable to focus on the emergence of a completely new concept of the firm over the
past twenty years.
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№ 4(58)
31 august 2016 year
Rubric: Entrepreneurship theory Authors: Ershova T., Gafforova E., Khamdamov J. |
Today ecological entrepreneurship investigations are at the stage of the theory emerging, the
majority of aspects and concepts are debatable, common opinions and generally recognized conceptual
ideas are not available. One of the disputable aspects is understanding the meaning and
the backgrounds of the ecological entrepreneurship initiation as well as the theoretical underpinning
used for this purpose. The objective of this article is to analyze the academic literature on the
ecological entrepreneurship to identify and generalize the applied theoretical concepts explaining
the meaning and the backgrounds of the ecological entrepreneurship initiation. The article consists
of six parts. The first part covers the principal theoretical concepts applied in the Russian and
English language literatures to define the backgrounds of the ecological entrepreneurship initiation
and development. The other four parts are devoted to more detailed consideration of the concepts
mentioned in the first part. Conclusions on the results of the analysis and the suggestions for future
investigations are described in the last part. The analysis of the ecological entrepreneurship theoretical
frameworks showed that the investigators used different theoretical concepts, such as the theory
of markets and states failures; the theory of the entrepreneurial potential; the concept of ecological
updating; the innovation theory; the concept of the sustainable development; the theory of economic
development on the basis of demands. Irrespective of the variety of the concepts applied, it can
be noted that they don’t contradict to each other and are often combined in various combinations.
It can be concluded that it is reasonable to apply the ecological entrepreneurship phenomenon of
all the above mentioned theoretical approaches and concepts in future investigations in various
combinations and to different extents.
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The paper presents the results of research entrepreneurial risk in the activity of subjects small
and medium entrepreneurship. As the information base used data of Federal service of state statistic
and Federal tax service. Proposed indicators and methodology for assessing current levels
of risk in different sectors and regions of the Russian Federation. Made the calculations of acceptable
and critical risks of pools small and medium enterprises, specialized on the 13 main types of
economic activity. Developed economic-mathematical models describing patterns of differentiation
catastrophic risk on entrepreneurial structures located in the regions of the country. Identified types
of economic activity of high and low values the level of acceptable and critical risk. It is shown that
the current level of catastrophic risk in the activity of individual entrepreneurs is significantly higher
in comparison with law enterprises. Given the lists of regions with high and low levels of catastrophic
risk in the activities of entrepreneurial structures. Considered a comparative analysis of the average
values of catastrophic risk in Russia and abroad. Scientific novelty of the research associated with
the development of methods and procedures for assessment of levels entrepreneurial risks proposed
criteria for classifying activities of entrepreneurial structures for three levels of risk, rationale
for the estimates and the present values characterizing admissible, critical and catastrophic levels of
risk. The obtained results will be useful to begging entrepreneurs to assess the risks that may arise
in the course of activity. The results of the research can be used to develop business development
strategies in different regions and sectors of the national economy.
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The problem of the boundaries of the commodity market is the central economic issue in most
antitrust investigations. Hypothetical monopolist test (abbreviated SSNIP) is considered to be a basic
reference method of solving this problem. There are various algorithms for solving the problem
about the boundaries of the product market on the basis of SSNIP. The regulatory algorithm of
SSNIP is established by the order of FAS of Russia dd. 28.04.2010, which regulates procedure
of analysis of the status of competition in the product market. In practice, the regulatory algorithm
of SSNIP turns out to be complicated and costly even for a small number of the studied products.
Another drawback of the regulatory algorithm of SSNIP — its ambiguity, the blur and the lack of numerical
examples demonstrating the transition from initial data to the configuration of the boundaries
of the market. This allows in some cases based on the same raw data to form mutually exclusive
boundaries of the commodity market which proves to be a source of significant business risks in the
practice of antitrust regulation. The paper proposes a modified algorithm of SSNIP to eliminate the
main shortcomings of the regulatory algorithm of SSNIP. Namely, to reduce significantly the volume
of data requested from respondents, and to prenest a transition from the raw data to the configuration
of the boundaries of the market in a compact and transparent table. In the course of formation
and processing of the raw data the modified algorithm of SSNIP provides the following distribution
of responsibilities between the regulator and the participants of the survey. The regulator generates
and delivers to the participants of the survey a list of pairs of goods that are subject to comparison in
terms of their substitutability; provides the list of customers and list of vendors involved in the survey;
processes the raw data received and presents the results in a standardized tabular form. The survey
participants provide in a standardized format raw data for actual and hypothetical sales volumes for
each pair of matched products as well as data on price and cost of goods in respect of which an
antitrust investigation is conducted. The article presents illustrative numerical examples which allows
one to compare normative SSNIP algorithm and proposed modified algorithm of SSNIP.
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This article considers the anticompetitive activities of public authorities, are considered the causes
and consequences of its implementation. Analyzed antitrust practice and tools, prohibiting anticompetitive
behavior. The conclusion is drawn that anti-monopoly regulation can be considered as risk
which authorities in case of implementation of the assigned functions and powers need to consider.
Designed and proposed to introduce an additional tool to minimize the number of factors associated
with negative influence of authorities on competition.
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